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Ocean temperatures drive weather through evaporation, heat transfer, and circulation patterns. Here is how ENSO, the AMO, the PDO, and sea surface temperatures shape weather worldwide.
El Niño seasons average 10 named storms and 5 hurricanes. La Niña seasons average 15 and 8. Here is the full comparison, the mechanism, and the 2023 exception explained.
The 2015-16 El Niño holds the record ONI peak of +2.6°C per NOAA data. The 1997-98 event was the most damaging. Every major event since 1950 ranked by strength with full impact data.
Trade winds are the single most important variable in the ENSO cycle. Sustained weakening initiates El Niño. Strengthening beyond normal drives La Niña. Here is exactly how.
ENSO is the most significant driver of year-to-year climate variability on Earth. Here is what it is, how it is measured, and why it matters for seasonal forecasting.
La Niña develops when trade winds strengthen beyond normal, pushing warm water west and exposing cool water through enhanced upwelling. Here is the full mechanism.
El Niño begins when trade winds weaken and warm Pacific water sloshes eastward. Here is the full mechanism Walker Circulation, Kelvin waves, thermocline, and Bjerknes feedback.
Smartphone alerts depend on cell towers and battery charge. A NOAA weather radio works independent of both here is why that matters during hurricane season.
The exact metrics and thresholds to watch as severe weather approaches barometric pressure drops, NWS wind speed thresholds, and rainfall rate alerts.
Four weather stations compared for hurricane season tracking wind, barometric pressure, and rainfall. Best overall, best value, best for storm trackers, and simplest setup.
